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                <term xml:lang="en">Behaviors</term>
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              <p>This article examines how prices for pharmaceuticals reimbursed by the state in France have been determined from the beginning of the system after World War II to the mid-2010s. We analyze the successive forms of this policy, from unilateral state administration of prices, in effect from 1948 to the 1980s, to price negotiation in the framework of agreements between an interdepartmental committee and pharmaceutical companies, starting in the mid-1990s. We contend that state-imposed price controls bring together two types of market government: government of values, where the aim is to assess drugs according to principles of social justice (promoting public health, complying with national health insurance budget requirements, developing industrial employment) and government of conducts, where the aim is to assess pharmaceuticals in connection with the concern of market effectiveness (ensuring that the prices determined will orient industrial and market actors in the direction of the general interest). The “fair price” is hardly self-evident, and the work of determining it in these conditions gives rise to confrontations within the committee and in its negotiations with the pharmaceutical companies, between actors with plural and antagonistic conceptions, those of social justice and market effectiveness.</p>
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              <p>Cet article examine la fixation des prix des médicaments remboursés par l’État, en France, depuis ses origines au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale jusqu’au milieu des années 2010. Nous analysons les formes successives prises par cette politique, de l’administration unilatérale des prix mise en place de 1948 aux années 1980 à leur négociation dans le cadre de conventions entre un Comité interministériel et les industriels à partir du milieu des années 1990. Nous défendons la thèse selon laquelle ce contrôle des prix par l’État articule deux types de gouvernement du marché : un gouvernement des valeurs, visant à apprécier les médicaments à partir de principes de justice sociale (promouvoir la santé publique, respecter l’équilibre des dépenses d’Assurance maladie, favoriser la recherche et développement et l’emploi industriel) ; un gouvernement des conduites, visant à apprécier les médicaments à partir de considérations de justesse marchande (s’assurer que les prix établis orientent les conduites des industriels et des acteurs du marché dans le sens de l’intérêt général). Loin d’aller de soi, la détermination du « juste prix » donne alors lieu à des affrontements, au sein du Comité économique des produits de santé et dans les négociations entre le Comité et les industriels, entre des acteurs porteurs de conceptions plurielles et antagonistes de la justice sociale et de la justesse marchande.</p>
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