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            <title xml:lang="fr">L'évolution de la structure sociale dans quinze pays européens (1993-2013)</title>
            <title xml:lang="fr" type="sub">Quelques éléments sur la polarisation de l'emploi</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">welfare state</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">jobs</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">catégories socioprofessionnelles</term>
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              <p>In this paper, we describe the change in social structure of 15 european countries over the past 20 years. First, we show that most countries underwent a dual process of occupational upgrading  combined with an increase in the proportion of less skilled employees. This gives some arguments in favour of the thesis of polarization of the occupational structure. Then, focusing on jobs at the bottom of the occupational structure, we highlight some differences accross countries regarding the proportion of industrial workers and service jobs. Moreover, using the indicator of the proportion of involuntary part-time work, we show that the quality of jobs created in the service sector varies widely among countries. From this perspective, the situation of service workers is particularly deteriorated in France and in southern european countries.</p>
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              <p>Nous décrivons dans ce papier l’évolution de la structure sociale de 15 pays européens au cours des 20 dernières années. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que dans la plupart des pays, la tendance générale n’est pas seulement celle d’une élévation vers le haut de la structure des emplois : la hausse de la part des pro-fessions les moins qualifiées donne des arguments à la thèse d’une polarisation de la structure des emplois. Ensuite, en nous concentrant sur les emplois du bas de la structure sociale, nous mettons en évidence des différences entre les pays concernant la part des salariés de l’industrie et celle des emplois dans le secteur des services. Enfin, en utilisant l’indicateur de la proportion de temps partiel subi, nous montrons que la qualité des emplois dans le secteur des services varie fortement selon les pays. De ce point de vue, la situation des employés des services est particulièrement détériorée en France et dans les pays du sud de l’Europe.</p>
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