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            <title xml:lang="fr">De la lutte écologique au lawfare climatique ? Les usages contestataires des normes environnementales contre le secteur de la défense aux États-Unis</title>
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                <title xml:lang="fr">De la lutte écologique au lawfare climatique ? Les usages contestataires des normes environnementales contre le secteur de la défense aux États-Unis</title>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">normes</term>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">lawfare</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">changement climatique</term>
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              <p>From Ecological Struggle to Climate Change Lawfare? The Protest Uses of Environmental Norms Against the Defense Sector in the United States -- While the concept of lawfare is currently being criticised within both the political and legal literature, this article investigates the recent emergence of the concept of “environmental” or climatic lawfare to designate the strategic uses of environmental norms to impose an ecological transformation of certain actors. By focusing on the defense sector in the United States, it demonstrates how this concept is being used by some authors to discredit the legal campaigns launched by NGOs and ecologist associations to enforce environmental laws at both national and international level. In order to reject this claim, this contribution offers to consider environmental or climatic lawfare as the continuation of previous legal actions filed by victims and jurists since the 1970s, which could be defined as protesting rather than strategic uses of environmental norms.</p>
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              <p>Alors que le concept de lawfare fait l’objet de plusieurs critiques dans la littérature juridique et politique, cet article s’intéresse au développement récent du terme de « lawfare environnemental ou climatique » pour désigner les usages stratégiques des normes environnementales et climatiques, qui viseraient à imposer une transformation écologique aux gouvernements. En prenant le cas du secteur de la défense aux États-Unis, il montre que ce terme est utilisé par certains auteurs dans le but de discréditer les campagnes juridiques lancées par des associations écologistes et des organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG) pour faire respecter le droit de l’environnement au niveau national comme international. Afin de remettre en cause cette affirmation, cette contribution propose de considérer ce lawfare environnemental ou climatique comme le prolongement d’actions en justice intentées depuis les années 1970, et qui pourraient être qualifiées d’usages protestataires plutôt que stratégiques du droit.</p>
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