Right to Housing. Policies to Decommodify and Revive the Right to Housing in Italy - Centre d'études européennes et de politique comparée (CEE) Accéder directement au contenu
Rapport Année : 2024

Right to Housing. Policies to Decommodify and Revive the Right to Housing in Italy

Silvia Cafora
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Jacopo Lareno
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Résumé

**Abstract: Policies to Decommodify and Revive the Right to Housing in Italy** Italy faces significant challenges in ensuring the right to housing, as evidenced by its deeply entrenched housing culture that prioritizes home ownership. This policy brief examines the structural issues underlying Italy’s housing crisis and proposes innovative policies aimed at decommodifying housing and reviving the right to housing for all citizens. The document underscores the urgent need for comprehensive policy reform to address exclusionary dynamics and the commodification of housing. ### Context and Current Challenges In Italy, housing policies have historically favored home ownership, contributing to a dual and polarized housing system. This system has led to a stark separation between private and public housing supplies, with public housing becoming increasingly marginal. This polarization has resulted in two contrasting scenarios: highly marginal territories characterized by depopulation and loss of property values, and densely populated urban areas experiencing rising property values and increased risk of exclusion from housing. Moreover, Italy’s public expenditure on housing is notably low, currently under 0.1% of GDP compared to the European average of 0.4%. This insufficient investment has led to a lack of affordable housing, particularly in attractive cities such as Milan, Florence, and Rome, which draw new populations but face severe housing shortages. ### Main Policy Proposals The policy brief proposes a multifaceted approach to address these issues, focusing on increasing public investment, redefining social housing, enhancing inclusivity, and strengthening preventive measures. The key proposals are: #### 1. Increasing Public Investment - **Restore and Increase Public Expenditure**: Rebuild a nationwide housing fund by allocating a constant share of GDP to housing, aiming to match the European average of 0.4%. This would involve significant political intentionality to ensure sustained funding. #### 2. Redefining Social Housing - **Reform Social Housing Regulations**: Stringently define social housing to emphasize social rental properties and exclude for-sale properties. This aims to overcome the broad and undifferentiated concept of ‘social’ housing currently prevalent in Italy’s policies. #### 3. Enhancing Inclusivity - **Support for Marginalized Groups**: Revise access criteria for public social housing to eliminate discriminatory practices such as residence time requirements. Additionally, invest in public intermediaries like Social Rental Agencies to facilitate the inclusion of marginalized profiles in the housing market. #### 4. Strengthening Preventive Measures - **Preventive Housing Arrangements**: Establish a non-compliance arrears fund shared by various government levels, linked to the need indicated by eviction requests and housing hardship indicators. This would include incentives for households to effectively manage housing-related expenses. ### Additional Policy Directions The policy brief also highlights the need for a more progressive and transparent approach to managing real estate and land assets, both public and private, to support the production of affordable housing. It emphasizes breaking down the false dichotomy between ecological transition and affordable housing. #### Institutional Reorganization - **Reorganize Municipal Housing Divisions**: Innovate internal municipal structures to better address housing issues. This includes creating new councils and institutes dedicated to housing policies and renovation, drawing inspiration from successful models in cities like Barcelona. To decommodify housing and revive the right to housing in Italy, the policy brief stresses the importance of a comprehensive, multi-level policy framework that includes increased public investment, stricter definitions and regulations, and enhanced inclusivity and preventive measures. By implementing these proposals, Italy can move towards a more equitable and accessible housing system, ensuring that housing is recognized and treated as a fundamental right for all its citizens.
**摘要:意大利住房权的非商品化和复兴政策** 意大利在确保住房权方面面临着巨大挑战,其根深蒂固的住房文化将房屋所有权放在首位就是明证。这份政策简报探讨了意大利住房危机背后的结构性问题,并提出了一些创新性政策,旨在消除住房问题,恢复所有公民的住房权。本文件强调迫切需要进行全面的政策改革,以解决排斥性动态和住房商品化问题。 ### 背景和当前的挑战 在意大利,住房政策历来偏向于住房所有权,从而形成了双重和两极分化的住房制度。这种制度导致私人住房和公共住房供应截然分开,公共住房日益边缘化。这种两极分化造成了两种截然不同的情况:高度边缘化的地区人口减少,房产价值下降;人口稠密的城市地区房产价值上升,被排斥在住房之外的风险增加。 此外,意大利在住房方面的公共开支明显偏低,目前不足国内生产总值的 0.1%,而欧洲平均水平为 0.4%。这种投资不足导致了经济适用房的缺乏,尤其是在米兰、佛罗伦萨和罗马等有吸引力的城市,这些城市吸引了新的人口,但却面临着严重的住房短缺问题。 ### 主要政策建议 本政策简介提出了解决这些问题的多方面方法,重点是增加公共投资、重新定义社会住房、提高包容性以及加强预防措施。主要建议如下 #### 1. 增加公共投资 - 恢复和增加公共开支**: 重建全国性住房基金,将一定比例的国内生产总值用于住房,目标是达到欧洲 0.4%的平均水平。这将涉及重大的政治意图,以确保持续的资金投入。 #### 2. 重新定义社会住房 - 改革社会住房条例**: 严格定义社会住房,强调社会租赁房产,排除出售房产。这样做的目的是克服目前意大利政策中普遍存在的 "社会 "住房概念宽泛、无差别的问题。 #### 3. 增强包容性 - 支持边缘化群体**: 修订公共社会住房的准入标准,消除歧视性做法,如居住时间要求。此外,对社会租赁机构等公共中介机构进行投资,以促进边缘化群体融入住房市场。 #### 4. 加强预防措施 - 预防性住房安排**: 建立一个由各级政府共享的违规欠款基金,与驱逐申请和住房困难指标所显示的需求挂钩。这将包括鼓励家庭有效管理与住房有关的开支。 ###其他政策方向 该政策简报还强调,有必要采取更先进、更透明的方法来管理公共和私人房地产和土地资产,以支持经济适用房的建设。它强调要打破生态转型与经济适用房之间错误的二分法。 #### 机构重组 - 重组市政住房部门**: 创新市政内部结构,以更好地解决住房问题。这包括从巴塞罗那等城市的成功模式中汲取灵感,创建新的理事会和机构,专门负责住房政策和改造。 为了在意大利实现住房非商品化并恢复住房权,政策简报强调了全面、多层次政策框架的重要性,其中包括增加公共投资、制定更严格的定义和法规,以及加强包容性和预防措施。通过实施这些建议,意大利可以逐步建立一个更加公平和无障碍的住房体系,确保住房作为所有公民的一项基本权利得到承认和对待。
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hal-04627652 , version 1 (27-06-2024)

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Silvia Cafora, Jacopo Lareno, Tommaso Vitale. Right to Housing. Policies to Decommodify and Revive the Right to Housing in Italy. Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. 2024, pp.19. ⟨hal-04627652⟩
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