This chapter compares the dynamics of international migration in two multinational federations—Belgium and Canada—with an eye to highlighting arguments in favour and against ‘immigration federalism’ in two subnational communities: Flanders and Quebec. In brief, the chapter’s comparison shows that Flemish and Québécois political elites have deployed different approaches to using immigrant integration regulation as a way of strengthening their respective claims for recognising cultural and linguistic diversity along national lines as well as for influencing the balance of power between subnational and national jurisdictions.